Complete Analysis of Photovoltaic System Types: Technical Roadmap from Large Power Plants to Household Systems
2025-11-21
Photovoltaic systems can be divided into four categories according to their application scenarios, each with technical characteristics and applicable conditions:
1. Centralized ground photovoltaic power station
Core features: Built on open ground (desert/wasteland), with a large scale (10MW+), connected to the grid through high voltage
Technical advantages: Good sunshine conditions, efficient double-sided components+single axis tracking can be used, with an annual equivalent utilization hour of 1600h; significant scale effect, EPC cost reduced to below 3.5 yuan/W
Applicable scenarios: Regions with abundant solar energy resources, suitable for large-scale energy investments
2. Distributed photovoltaic system
Core features: Installed near the user side (roof/wall), flexible scale (10kW-10MW), "self use, surplus electricity connected to the internet"
Technical advantages: reduce transmission losses and improve energy utilization efficiency; Diversified investment with short payback period (5-8 years); Can be combined with architecture to achieve unity of aesthetics and functionality
Application scenarios: Industrial and commercial roofs (high conversion rate), residential buildings, agricultural greenhouses. By 2025, the proportion of distributed installed capacity in China has reached 50%
3. Microgrid system
Core feature: A small power system that operates independently of the main grid, including power sources, energy storage, control, and loads
Technical composition: photovoltaic modules+inverter+PCS bidirectional converter+energy storage battery+intelligent control system, achieving the integration of "generation storage usage control"
Application scenarios: Remote areas, islands, military bases, and other places that cannot access the power grid or have high requirements for power supply reliability
4. Off grid photovoltaic system
Core features: completely independent of the power grid, self-sufficient, requiring sufficient energy storage configuration
Design points: Energy storage capacity=(daily power consumption x continuous rainy days)/(inverter efficiency x battery discharge depth), usually needs to meet 7-15 days of electricity demand
Application scenarios: communication base stations, border outposts, field monitoring equipment, etc
Development trend: Integration of light and energy storage has become mainstream, with a distribution ratio of 10% -20%, significantly improving system stability and economy; Virtual Power Plant (VPP) technology enables distributed photovoltaics to aggregate and participate in grid peak shaving, improving asset utilization
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